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PREGNANCY
Pregnancy represents the time from conception to birth when the fetus develops both physically and mentally in preparation for birth. Although pregnancy is a vitally important time period for physical growth, pregnancy is also the prime time to begin optimizing a baby's mental growth and stimulation.
BRAIN CONNECTIONS :

Trillions of brain connections or synapses are forming during fetal brain development. Following birth, a newborn's brain has the ability to form trillions more with the number peaking just after the first few years of life. However, the peak number of connections formed in a toddler's brain is only about half of what will still exist by adulthood (the average adult only uses about 10% of their brain).

A fetus is born with the ability to form and preserve many more of these optimized brain connections, however, if not stimulated by the age of 3 years old; these connections eventually begin to phase out and become very difficult to access again from that point going forward. On the other hand, whatever connections that have been stimulated can be strengthened and further refined within its particular area over time.

The key here is accessibility – to ensure the connections are made and available to the baby for use whether it's now or later in life. In other words, during the phase after birth when new connections can still be stimulated, a baby's brain acts like a filing cabinet. New connections that have been stimulated become individual files placed in that cabinet. Even if those files are not filled with a mass amount of information now, the fact remains that the files are accessible when needed and ready to retain and refine new information related to that particular file.

OMEGA-3s EFFECT :
Pregnancy is where it all begins. It is the time when the fetus brain is forming and initial connections are being made. Mothers can help optimize this time with diets rich in Omega-3s (a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Omega-3s not only reduce an adult's risk of coronary heart disease but are also believed to support brain function, memory and concentration as well as optimize the brain development and vision of a fetus. In a draft assessment report from the Food and Drug Administration, results were noted from randomized trials of DHA supplements in pregnancy which supported measurable neurodevelopmental benefits. In this case, fish or fish oil providing 1.2 grams of DHA were added to diets during pregnancy. The results were higher average IQ scores of 4.1 points for those children (Reference).
Unfortunately, our bodies do not manufacture Omega-3s on their own, therefore, diets need to be supplemented with certain foods or supplements. Foods containing Omega-3s are: flax seeds, walnuts, tofu, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, raspberries, oregano, green beans, strawberries and romaine lettuce. Various fish like albacore tuna, salmon, lake trout, mackerel and herring are also rich in Omega-3s, however, pregnant women are cautioned because fish can be contaminated with unknown levels of mercury and PCBs which are harmful to a developing fetus. Another source are Omega-3 supplements that were not derived from any fish livers and screened with trace amounts to no mercury levels (fish livers can contain high amounts of retinol vitamin A which has been linked to birth defects).
Due to the possible contaminants involved with Omega-3 supplements, consumers are cautioned to only purchase supplements from reputable manufacturers with well-established reputations for purification and toxin screening such as Enfamil Expecta Lipil, Nature Made or Kirkland Signature.
Note, the FDA recommends that daily consumption not exceed more than a total of 3 grams per day with no more than 2 grams per day from a dietary supplement (Reference). As always, however, consult with your physician to determine an appropriate intake amount.
FETUS HEARING and MEMORY :
By the end of the second trimester or sixth month of pregnancy, the fetus has the ability to hear sounds in utero. With this ability comes the capacity to learn and remember. A number of studies have been conducted to demonstrate the memory retention level of a fetus and newborn.
Dr. Barbara Kisilevsky (a Queen's University professor) and researchers at Zhejiang University in China, performed a prenatal experiment on sixty full-term fetuses. Half of the group were played a two-minute tape of their own mother reading a poem and the other half were played a tape of a female stranger reading the same poem. The researchers found that the fetuses responded with heart-rate acceleration to their own mother's voice and a heart-rate deceleration to the stranger's voice. The responses not only lasted during the two-minute tape but also for at least two minutes after the offset of the voices.
Professor Anthony James DeCasper, Ph.D. and colleagues at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro created a feeding apparatus that allowed a baby to suck faster in order to hear one set of sounds and to suck slower to hear a different set. With this method, he discovered that a newborn, within hours after birth, not only preferred his or her mother's voice over a stranger's but demonstrated the newborn must have remembered the voice, although not consciously, from the last months in the womb.
Although a fetus may not be consciously aware of what is being heard and ultimately remembered, the main point is both are occurring. Our ability to learn does not begin after birth but well before. Parents are presented with a key opportunity to introduce a subconscious level of early learning advancement through stimulation. It is up to parents, however, to take the initiative to optimize this once in a lifetime period.
CLASSICAL MUSIC and SPATIAL REASONING:
A number of educational studies have been conducted on the effects of music on the developing minds of children and even the stimulation to an adult's. Notably was the classical music study now referred to as the "Mozart Effect" conducted by Dr. Frances Rauscher, Dr. Gordon Shaw and Katherine Ky. The study showed increased spatial-temporal reasoning scores by college students after listening to the Mozart Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major (k. 448).
Spatial-temporal reasoning involves comparing, transforming and relating mental images in time and space -- crucial skills needed in the areas of math and science. Increasing spatial reasoning skills will subsequently increase math and science skills and strengthen overall problem solving.  For example, chess is a demonstration of spatial-temporal reasoning skills since players have to think ahead several moves and anticipate various outcomes.

Subsequent classical music studies demonstrated:

Reduced seizure activity in nearly half of epilepsy patients during open brain surgery when either classical music or orchestrated folk music was played to them (reported by the Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Germany) Reference.

Considerable improvement by a twin with Alzheimer's disease who listened to a section of Mozart's piano sonata. The AD twin significantly improved on the spatial-temporal task when compared with pretest scores, and no enhancement of scores was demonstrated following the other control conditions of 1930s popular tunes and silence (University of California, Physics Department) Reference.

Sustained reduced seizure activity in an eight year old girl with childhood epilepsy (Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome) who was played the Mozart Sonata every ten minutes for each hour while awake. At the end of the period, the number of clinical seizures had fallen from nine during the initial four hours to only one during the last four hours. The following day, the number of attacks was just two in seven and half hours demonstrating music can exert a longterm effect (reported by the University of Illinois Medical Center, Department of Neurology) Reference.

In an electroencephalography (an EEG is a graphical record measuring the brain's electrical activity) study of listening to the Mozart Sonata compared to listening to text, the music induced the presence of activity in the right frontal and left temporo-parietal areas of the brain (reported by the Ursinus College, Department of Psychology) Reference.

So is it just musical enjoyment or a physical response to unconscious stimulation? Consider this study:

Rats were exposed in utero plus 60 days post-partum to one of the following: complex music (Mozart Sonata k. 448), minimalist music (a Philip Glass composition), white noise or silence, and were then tested for five days, three trials per day, in a multiple T-maze. By Day 3, the rats exposed to the Mozart music completed the maze more rapidly and with fewer errors than the rats in the other groups. The difference increased in magnitude through Day 5. This suggests that repeated exposure to complex music induces improved spatial-temporal learning in rats (reported by the University of Wisconsin Psychology Department) Reference.

SUMMARY and PLAN OF ACTION:
Without effort and without conscious awareness, fetal memory and the brain itself are stimulated just by listening to the mother's voice. Utilizing this same method, a parent can begin another level of early education for increased spatial reasoning skills that the baby will carry forward and retain following birth for the upcoming educational journey.
  • Supplement diets with Omega-3s (ALA, DHA, EPA). The FDA recommends that daily consumption not exceed more than a total of 3 grams per day, with no more than 2 grams per day from a dietary supplement (Reference).
  • From the seventh month of pregnancy, frequently listen to complex classical music (without other continuous sounds like from a television) such as while driving, cooking dinner, reading, etc. It is not suggested that headphones or speakers be placed directly on or next to a pregnant woman's stomach.
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